Digital signal characteristics. Digital gates characteristics: voltage transfer curve, fan-in/fan-out, and static/dynamic power dissipation. Transistor models (Ebers-Moll model). Characteristics and analysis of BJT logic families: Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL), Diode Transistor Logic (DTL), Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL), Schottky TTL, and Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL). CMOS logic circuits analysis, design, and evaluation. Logic CMOS circuits types and dynamic logic. CMOS Tri-state gates. Programmable logic devices. Memory architecture analysis and evaluation: ROM, EEPROM, Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), and Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM). Waveform generating blocks: Astable and Monostable circuits. Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) and Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC). Introduction to VLSI design flow and CMOS fabrication. Using computer-aided design software for digital electronics.